May 30, 2018

Peter the Great, Emperor of All Russia


Peter the Great, Emperor of All Russia

Peter the Great was born on May 30 (Old Style, June 9, New Style). Here's a quick Tsar's Tour of one of the country's most important leaders...

Peter I of Russia was a busy man.

After a trip to Europe in 1698 (known as the Grand Embassy), he became convinced that Russia had a long way to go before she could “catch up” with the West. And so this giant of a tsar – 6 foot 8 inches! – set to changing everything.

First, the boring parts: Peter tried several administrative reforms – it took him a few tries to get it right, as he copied one European country after another. His most lasting contribution was the Table of Ranks, a supposedly meritocratic system for advancing in the tsar’s service, which remained in force all the way until the Russian Revolution. The Table of Ranks also conveniently undermined the hereditary authority of the boyars, who vied with the tsar for power. In addition to their pedigrees, the boyars, like the biblical Samson, had one other source of power: their hair, more specifically, their beards – and so Peter demanded that everyone shave their beards, or else pay a beard tax.

In fact, beard-shaving was just one part of making everyone Western. New clothing was also imported, as were European wigs, manners, and aesthetics. Peter brought much of contemporary Europe’s knowledge and skills with him from the Grand Embassy (where he had at times pretended to be a commoner and studied at a shipyard), but he also invited experts from abroad, mostly Germans.

These Germans (to be fair, some were Dutch) brought their books, their newspapers, and their words with them. The Russian language was fleshed out and filled up with neologisms (not all of them stuck). Peter couldn’t be happier: determined to meet the linguistic changes halfway, he devised a new script, borrowing heavily from Western sources. And if you wanted to be in the know about all the new-fangled technology, you had to read the new script!


The entire reform in a nutshell: "shave beards, cut hair, sew clothing, start thinking."

Oh, he also built the Russian navy practically from scratch.

And, as a pat on the back at the end of it all, in 1721 he got himself crowned as the first Russian Emperor. He wasn’t even dead yet before they started calling him “Great.”

The "Bronze Horseman" - a monument "to Peter the First from Catherine the Second"

But the crown jewel of Peter’s reforms was the city of St. Petersburg. Built on a swamp that had just recently been captured from the Swedes in the Northern War, with its foundation made – quite literally – out of the bones of workers who died building it, the city was filled with the new architecture and the new customs, and held in place by the sheer force of Peter’s will, as Russian writers so like to muse about:

“Hundreds of times, as I’ve walked through the Petersburg morning fog, this strange thought has cropped up: ‘What if, when the fog lifts and disperses somewhere high up over the earth, this rotten, slimy city were to lift up with it and vanish like vapor, until there remains only this old Finnish swamp, and – I suppose – in the middle of it, as decoration, that bronze horseman on his panting, exhausted horse?’ ”

Fyodor Dostoyevsky, The Adolescent

But, for all its fantastical qualities, St. Petersburg has so far stayed in place – and we remember Peter the Great as the willful reformer who put it there and nailed it down, like a piece of lumber on his newest ship.

When we say Peter built the Russian navy, we mean it literally.

Photo credits: Wikimedia Commons, Eugenia Sokolskaya

Like this post? Get a weekly email digest + member-only deals

Some of Our Books

Survival Russian

Survival Russian

Survival Russian is an intensely practical guide to conversational, colloquial and culture-rich Russian. It uses humor, current events and thematically-driven essays to deepen readers’ understanding of Russian language and culture. This enlarged Second Edition of Survival Russian includes over 90 essays and illuminates over 2000 invaluable Russian phrases and words.
Steppe / Степь (bilingual)

Steppe / Степь (bilingual)

This is the work that made Chekhov, launching his career as a writer and playwright of national and international renown. Retranslated and updated, this new bilingual edition is a super way to improve your Russian.
The Little Humpbacked Horse (bilingual)

The Little Humpbacked Horse (bilingual)

A beloved Russian classic about a resourceful Russian peasant, Vanya, and his miracle-working horse, who together undergo various trials, exploits and adventures at the whim of a laughable tsar, told in rich, narrative poetry.
The Pet Hawk of the House of Abbas

The Pet Hawk of the House of Abbas

This exciting new trilogy by a Russian author – who has been compared to Orhan Pamuk and Umberto Eco – vividly recreates a lost world, yet its passions and characters are entirely relevant to the present day. Full of mystery, memorable characters, and non-stop adventure, The Pet Hawk of the House of Abbas is a must read for lovers of historical fiction and international thrillers.  
A Taste of Russia

A Taste of Russia

The definitive modern cookbook on Russian cuisine has been totally updated and redesigned in a 30th Anniversary Edition. Layering superbly researched recipes with informative essays on the dishes' rich historical and cultural context, A Taste of Russia includes over 200 recipes on everything from borshch to blini, from Salmon Coulibiac to Beef Stew with Rum, from Marinated Mushrooms to Walnut-honey Filled Pies. A Taste of Russia shows off the best that Russian cooking has to offer. Full of great quotes from Russian literature about Russian food and designed in a convenient wide format that stays open during use.
Fearful Majesty

Fearful Majesty

This acclaimed biography of one of Russia’s most important and tyrannical rulers is not only a rich, readable biography, it is also surprisingly timely, revealing how many of the issues Russia faces today have their roots in Ivan’s reign.
Murder at the Dacha

Murder at the Dacha

Senior Lieutenant Pavel Matyushkin has a problem. Several, actually. Not the least of them is the fact that a powerful Soviet boss has been murdered, and Matyushkin's surly commander has given him an unreasonably short time frame to close the case.
Murder and the Muse

Murder and the Muse

KGB Chief Andropov has tapped Matyushkin to solve a brazen jewel heist from Picasso’s wife at the posh Metropole Hotel. But when the case bleeds over into murder, machinations, and international intrigue, not everyone is eager to see where the clues might lead.
Stargorod: A Novel in Many Voices

Stargorod: A Novel in Many Voices

Stargorod is a mid-sized provincial city that exists only in Russian metaphorical space. It has its roots in Gogol, and Ilf and Petrov, and is a place far from Moscow, but close to Russian hearts. It is a place of mystery and normality, of provincial innocence and Black Earth wisdom. Strange, inexplicable things happen in Stargorod. So do good things. And bad things. A lot like life everywhere, one might say. Only with a heavy dose of vodka, longing and mystery.
Faith & Humor: Notes from Muscovy

Faith & Humor: Notes from Muscovy

A book that dares to explore the humanity of priests and pilgrims, saints and sinners, Faith & Humor has been both a runaway bestseller in Russia and the focus of heated controversy – as often happens when a thoughtful writer takes on sacred cows. The stories, aphorisms, anecdotes, dialogues and adventures in this volume comprise an encyclopedia of modern Russian Orthodoxy, and thereby of Russian life.

About Us

Russian Life is a publication of a 30-year-young, award-winning publishing house that creates a bimonthly magazine, books, maps, and other products for Russophiles the world over.

Latest Posts

Our Contacts

Russian Life
73 Main Street, Suite 402
Montpelier VT 05602

802-223-4955